GMAT

Sub Topics

How to Determine The Number of Main Ideas in a Text Reading Strategies Using Visualization Close Reading vs Big Picture Reading Strategies Interpreting Literary Meaning How to Use Text to Guide Your Interpretation What is Inference How to Infer Intended Meaning Understanding Figurative Language in Poetry Inferring Mood in Poetry How to Draw Conclusions From a Passage Identifying an Author's Underlying Assumptions Constructing Meaning With Context Clues Prior Knowledge Word Structure Tone vs Mood Interpreting Meaning in Prose What Are Connotation And Denotation Definitions Examples How to Compare And Contrast Elements of a Passage Effective Summaries of a Paragraph or Passage How to Use Context to Determine The Meaning of Words How to Pass a Reading Comprehension Test

Main Topics

Lessons and MCQs

Select Test Select Question Types

GMAT: What Are Literary Motifs Definition Examples
Identifying an Author's Underlying Assumptions

Whenever a writer puts pen to paper, chances are that he or she is making a number of assumptions about the reader. This lesson focuses on some of those assumptions and how to identify them.

Identifying an Author's Underlying Assumptions

The Writer's Ideal Reader

Whenever a writer sits down to produce a work, it is not a solitary activity. While the writer may be alone in the room and silent other than the scratching of a pen or the tapping of a keyboard, the fact is that the person writing is communicating. Very rarely will a writer, or anyone else, communicate without having a specific person in mind, in other words, the ideal reader. This ideal reader captures all of the characteristics that the writer expects in his or her audience. While not every reader is ideal, the fact is that the writer makes a number of underlying assumptions about the people who will be reading his or her work.

Past Knowledge

Perhaps the greatest assumption to be made by a writer is that the reader will have the necessary knowledge to fully appreciate the work at hand. After all, few second grade students tote around a copy of an advanced astrophysics text because they lack the past knowledge to fully understand it. This is also true for many other works. When writing a business letter, the businessperson may make reference to past deals or conversations, but assumes that the recipient understands what is being talked about. To a lesser degree, this is also true with series of books. An author may revisit some established details in a sequel to aide any new readers, but in many ways the characters and setting are already established by earlier works. The author expects the reader to know that.

Information about the Author

Speaking of the author, there are assumptions that are necessary to make about that individual as well. For example, when someone reads a non-fiction book, they assume that the author knows what they are talking about. After all, it would be a shame to trudge through that text on advanced astrophysics to find out that the author is actually that second grade student who was carrying it around.

Additionally, past experiences matter here as well. The reader can be expected to understand that an author has an interest in the field. For example, in that aforementioned business letter, we assume that the author has the connections necessary to presume to write to the subject.

Attitudes

Finally, attitudes matter greatly when trying to figure out the assumptions of the author. A great deal of political writing is done in this country and it typically takes two forms. One form is written by an author who assumes that his or her audience agrees with them. In this respect it may be more mocking of the other side, and may appeal to more emotional aspects than simple facts. After all, the audience does not need persuading.

The other form is that writing that is targeted towards people who may not agree with the author. Here the writer has to be careful to not offend, but especially pointed in how to persuade. Depending on the circumstances, arguments rooted in emotion, ethics, or logic may be the best route forward.

How to do it

So clearly writers have underlying assumptions - but how does one identify them? Try this list as a starting point:

Check for bias - writers who have an agenda will often show instances of bias for or against a given topic.
Look for specialist vocabulary - a scientific journal will have very different language than a literary one, and both will differ from a newspaper.
Examine the author's past - past experiences will often point to instances that an author has a bias.