What Is Point of View?
You might have noticed that when trying to give their opinion about something, people often talk about their point of view. 'From my point of view...,' they may begin. Used generally, point of view refers to the perspective from which people see things. In literature, where stories are intentionally crafted by their authors, point of view is the angle from which a story is told. Writers carefully choose point of view because it has an effect on the scope of a story.
For example, if I told a story from the point of view of a small child, the events would be limited to the kinds of things a child would notice and think. I couldn't suddenly start writing from the child's mom's point of view without confusing my reader. Think about point of view like a camera. Where the camera is placed changes not only what you see, but what characters you care about.
There are three types of point of view most often referenced by literature teachers: first person, second person, and third person. First person is where the narrator of the story speaks to you directly - 'I went to the store and I bought ice cream' - while third person is told by a narrator watching from the outside - 'Maria went to the store and bought ice cream.' (The infrequently used second person is when the narrator uses 'you' as the main personal pronoun - 'You went to the store and bought ice cream.') With this lesson, we'll go beyond first, second, and third person and discuss the effects point of view has on the scope of narration through omniscient, limited, and objective narrative voice.
Omniscient
Omniscient narration takes in everything from all angles. Sometimes likened to a God's-eye-view on the world, omniscient narration in literature means the reader can see and hear all the action and the thoughts and feelings of all the characters. Most of the classic writers, from Jane Austen to Charles Dickens, used omniscient narration. Take this example from George Eliot's Middlemarch:
Poor Lydgate! or shall I say, Poor Rosamond! Each lived in a world of which the other knew nothing. It had not occurred to Lydgate that he had been a subject of eager meditation to Rosamond...that inward repetition of looks, words, and phrases, which makes a large part in the lives of most girls...But Rosamond had registered every look and word, and estimated them as the opening incidents of a preconceived romance - incidents which gather value from the foreseen development and climax.
Even though there is a first-person 'I' in this passage, we get the omniscient inside scoop on their relationship from both sides ('I', in this case, is the narrator, not a character in the story). Lydgate is completely oblivious that Rosamond is replaying all the stuff he's said and done over and over. Meanwhile, Rosamond is registering 'every look and word' as the start of a great romance. Middlemarch often moves between the thoughts of the many characters that make up this sprawling novel, which makes sense given that Eliot is telling the story of the entire community of Middlemarch.
Sometimes, the omniscient narrative voice is so all knowing we are given access to what hasn't even happened yet, with the narrator revealing the future. 'Little did she know, Maria was about to get some ice cream...'
Limited
Some authors choose to tell their stories from a more specific angle. With limited narration, the reader is only able to view part of the story from a specific angle. Again, think of it as a deliberately placed camera, where you can only see what the author wants you to see.
Take, for example, the effect the first person point of view has on J.D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye(1951). The novel is told from the perspective of the precocious Holden Caulfield, a teenage boy with a lot of mental anguish, recently expelled from his private school and dealing with the death of his younger brother, Allie. Because it's in first person, we get to hear and see things as Holden hears and views them.
'Boy!' I said. I also say 'Boy!' quite a lot. Partly because I have a lousy vocabulary and partly because I act quite young for my age sometimes. I was sixteen then, and I'm seventeen now, and sometimes I act like I'm about thirteen. It's really ironical, because I'm six foot two and a half and I have gray hair. I really do. The one side of my head - the right side - is full of millions of gray hairs. I've had them ever since I was a kid. And yet I still act sometimes like I was only about twelve. Everybody says that, especially my father.
This is an example of how we hear the story from Holden directly, in his distinct voice, for the entire novel. He admits to a 'lousy vocabulary,' in addition to not acting very maturely.